CARDIOLOGY

When I first gave my mind to vivisection, as a means of discovering the motions and uses of the heart, and sought to discover these form actual inspection, and not from the writings of others, I found the task so truly arduous, so full of difficulties, that I was almost tempted to think with Fracastorius that the motion of the heart was only to be comprehended by God.

1. What are the proven etiologies for congenital heart disease?

The vast majority of congenital heart disease is thought to be a result of genetic environmental interaction, or multifactorial inheritance. Primary genetic factors include chromosomal aberrations and single mutant gene abnormalities. The remaninder involve primarily environmental factors such as drugs, infections, and maternal infections.

1. What is the recurrence risk for the common heart defects?

Recurrence risks of cardiovascular anomalies very from and the are usually higher with the more common lesions the recurrence risk for VSD in 3% higher than the 1% recurrence risk for Ebsterins’s anomaly. The risk of congenital heart disease in pregnancies after the birth of one affected child is about 1%. With 2 first degree relatives, the risk is tripled; with 3, the family may be considered
”type c.” in which recurrence risk may be even higher than Mendelian inheritance.

2. Who first described a congenital heart defect in a human?

The defect was an ASD.

3. When and where were the following landmark procedures in pediatric cardiology first reported? Mustard/TGA repair; Gibbon/heart lung machine; Gross/PDA legation; Blalock, Trussing shunt; Rashkind/balloon a trial septostomy.

5. What are some hereditary diseases in which conge ital disease is a frequent finding? For example Noonan’s dystrophic pulmonary valve.